Eat Your Vegetables!

This may be a candidate for an IgNobel Prize, published as a research letter in JAMA: how to get schoolchildren to eat their vegetables!

Control group: normal lunch trays.  Intervention group: lunch trays with compartments specifically labeled with photographs of green beans and carrots.  Results: success!  Green bean choice went from 6.3% of children to 14.8% of children, and carrot choice went from 11.6% to 36.8%.  Amount of green bean and carrot consumption was stable on an individual basis, resulting in an overal net consumption of both green beans and carrots by their cohort.

Of course, this was only a single day intervention – my guess is the effect would fatigue – but, at least, for one day, children ate more vegetables.

This has far-reaching implications for Emergency Medicine.

“Photographs in Lunch Tray Compartments and Vegetable Consumption Among Children in Elementary School Cafeterias”
http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/early/2012/01/31/jama.2012.170.full

Ketamine For Acute Pain Control

So, there’s effective.  And then there’s effective, but insane.  I am aware that low-dose continuous infusions of ketamine are excellent adjunctive therapies to decrease narcotic use in trauma and orthopedic patients, but I have never seen ketamine used in bolus form to treat acute pain in the out-of-hospital setting.

But, that’s what we have.  After an initial 5mg IV bolus of morphine, patients were randomized to receive either additional morphine or ketamine boluses – 1 to 5mg of morphine every five minutes, or 10 to 20mg of ketamine every three minutes.  Pain medication was given per protocol until relief or adverse events.  And, the ketamine group was superior – pain scores dropped 5.6 points on the numerical verbal scale with ketamine and 3.2 with morphine.

However, the ketamine group also had a 39% incidence of adverse effects, compared with 14% of the morphine group.  The morphine group had mostly nausea, with one patient exhibiting a change in level of consciousness.  However, the ketamine group had multiple patients with decreased consciousness, disorientation, and emergence phenomena.  So, while the editor capsule summary states “Supplementing out-of-hospital opiods with low-dose ketamine is an effective strategy to mitigate trauma pain” he is technically correct, but the insanity of this strategy is trying to make an evidence-based decision about intracranial imaging after iatrogenically altering your patients prehospital.

What I appreciate best about this paper is how aggressive the paramedics were with treating pain – the patients receiving morphine averaged 14.4mg, with a standard deviation of 9.4mg!  I see my residents ordering 2mg at a time and it drives me nuts.

“Morphine and Ketamine Is Superior to Morphine Alone for Out-of-Hospital Trauma Analgesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial”
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22243959

Finally, A Useful TPA Concept

Frequent readers of this site will be familiar with my distaste for TPA in stroke – not because I think it’s a therapeutically invalid option, but mostly because its use is being promoted beyond its original scope, too many stroke mimics are receiving TPA, and the published literature supporting new “innovations” in TPA have a skewed interpretation of “safe”.

This paper from Stroke is the first I’ve seen that finally tries to determine whether a patient will actually benefit from TPA in acute ischemic stroke, rather than chaining together studies in a logical fallacy to extend treatment to a larger population.  These authors have developed the “iScore” (no affiliation with Apple Computer), which was developed by logistic regression to predict outcomes in patients with ischemic stroke not treated with TPA.  The components include age, stroke severity, stroke subtype, and medical comorbidities in a scoring system that defines low (>50% good outcome), moderate (10-50%), and high-risk (<10%) groups.

These authors then apply the iScore in a retrospective fashion to their stroke database, looking both at their TPA recipients as well as propensity-matched patients in their non-TPA group.  Now, it’s not exactly prospective, randomized, controlled, but it’s an interesting trick that provides a limited comparison.  The stroke patients in the low-risk group had ~12% absolute outcomes benefit from TPA, the, the moderate group ~10% benefit, and the high-risk group ~2.6%.  There were no statistically significant benefits (or harms) from TPA in the high-risk group, but those patients were >90% disabled or dead at 30 days, regardless of therapy.

One weakness the authors point out in their study – it is sometimes clinically difficult to determine stroke subtype in the acute setting based solely off clinical presentation, particularly when baseline functional status is not perfect.  Regardless, it’s nice to see a paper that looks at better individualizing the risk/benefit equation for TPA – seems as though the 400 patients in the high-risk group did not benefit from spending $2000 on alteplase or the associated increased DRG billing associated with it.  Money isn’t free, after all….

“The iScore Predicts Effectiveness of Thrombolytic Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke”
http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/early/2012/02/02/STROKEAHA.111.646265.short

Would Free Medications Help?

It’s too bad this study doesn’t actually look at what I would have hoped it would – but it’s interesting, nonetheless.  One of my hospitals is a true safety-net hospital and we see, repeatedly, repeatedly, repeatedly, the complications of neglected chronic disease.  One of our frequent laments is whether the costs of recurrent acute hospitalization wouldn’t be prevented a hundred times over if we’d simply sink some costs into preventative maintenance care, free medications, etc.

This study almost looks at that.  This is from the NEJM which compared the outcomes of patients following myocardial infarction, and they follow a group which receives completely free medication and a group that does not.  Unfortunately, the group that does not receive free medications is still receiving heavily subsidized medication support, and is only responsible for a co-pay.

Despite only needing to come up with a co-pay, there’s a significant difference in medication compliance, with an average absolute difference in full adherence with medications of ~5-6%.  With this minimal absolute difference in adherence, the full adherence group had significantly fewer future vascular events – mostly from stroke and myocardial infarction – approximately a 1% absolute decrease.  There was a non-significant decrease in total costs associated with the patients who were on the full-coverage medication plan.

Now, they don’t follow-up any medication-related adverse events, so this is the most optimistic interpretation of benefits of full-coverage, but it would seem that it is overall cheaper and more beneficial to supply medications for free.  And, it makes me wonder what the results of a similar cost/health-benefit study would show in our safety-net population.

“Full Coverage for Preventive Medications after Myocardial Infarction”

Safety-Nets & ED Length of Stay

This is a relatively intriguing public policy article in JAMA following up in a timely fashion regarding the new CMS Emergency Department quality measures.  These new measures include various time-to-X measures, including length of stay, length of time to admission from bed request, etc.  There is some concern that these quality measures may be tied to federal funding, unfairly targeting “safety-net” hospitals that are not at baseline provided with the resources to address patient flow issues.

This article is a review of the NHAMCS database, a national probability sample survey of patient visits, looking at independent predictors of increased length of stay in patients admitted and discharged from the Emergency Department.  Based on the review of this sample, they do not see a significant difference in ED length of stay – and conclude that these quality measures should not be of concern to “safety net” EDs.  However, these general time-based measures mask most of the problems encountered in “safety net” institutions.
There are some baseline differences in patient characteristics between the safety-net and non-safety-net hospitals in their sample, and they tend to work in favor of safety-net hospitals.  The safety net hospitals in this sample tended to have younger patients with lower triage acuities, which should work in favor of reduced ED overall average length of stay.  My anecdotal experience suggests that, once the quality measures track more detailed ED transit times, I believe we will see more significant deficiencies drop out in the safety-net group.
“Association of Emergency Department Length of Stay With Safety-Net Status”

Half of Fractures Received No Analgesia

One of the new CMS quality measures involves measuring time to receipt of pain medication for patients diagnosed with long bone fractures.  While this isn’t the most exciting quality measure in terms of outcomes, it is probably a reasonable expectation that fractures receive pain control, and it might be a plausible surrogate marker for overall Emergency Department operations – at least, until the powers that be focus solely on these few measures at the expense of other clinical operations.

This article is a retrospective review of all pediatric long bone fractures evaluated at their facility.  They used the electronic medical record to track the timing of any “adequate” pain medication.  They have a specific weight-based definition of “adequate” for IV narcotics, PO narcotics, and non-narcotic analgesics, and they specifically break down pain medication received within 1 hour of arrival.

They identified 773 cases in their records, and by their definitions, 75 patients received an “adequate” dose of pain medication within 1 hour.  One can quibble with their definition of “adequate” because there is a range of pain needs that don’t necessarily require maximal dosing.  But, you cannot quibble with the fact that 353 children received no pain medication at all within an hour of ED arrival (or prior to ED arrival).  Certainly, some individual factors at play would result in reasonable delays to pain medication, but definitely not nearly half.

“Analgesic Administration in the Emergency Department for Children Requiring Hospitalization for Long-Bone Fracture”
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22270501